Post Modern Social Theory Essay

More or less, postmodernism emerged from the apparent issues and risks that were brought by the cutting edge period of the world. With most pieces of the world being affected by present day hypothetical point of view like objectivity and logical tendency, the vast majority of the speculations that can be ordered under postmodernism can be characterized as an assault and analysis to the apparent issues of rationalists, humanist and even craftsmen to the truth that was made by innovation (Kellner, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Under the pennant of postmodernism, we can see various masterminds that had endeavored to break down the advanced world utilizing their postmodern exhibitions. Among this mastermind are French scholar and humanist jean Baudrillard and Zygmunt Bauman who figure out how to give a rich and fruitful conversation on the talk of postmodernism and the social and sociological system of the cutting edge world. In this paper, two masterminds will be placed in center. These two scholars are so indispensable and significant in the postmodern talk that understanding their considerations and thoughts will empower us to see more the setting of postmodernism. Jean Baudrillard Much the same as any postmodernist scholars, the thoughts introduced by Jean Baudrillard can be described to be an endeavor to break down the advanced sociological and social system. By and large, he figured out how to give a talk through the correlation of present day pragmatic and hypothetical framework and pre-current down to earth and hypothetical framework (I. e. structures during the mechanical insurgency). A genuine model that is truly prominent is his origination of the worth framework. For Baudrillard, the advanced world had figured out how to give various methods of portraying esteem. He named in any event four worth frameworks that can describe a person or thing. The first is the practical worth which is according to the usefulness and instrumental utilization of the article. The subsequent one is the trade esteem which is the estimation of the item corresponding to the financial condition and monetary feeling of assembling it. The third one is the representative worth which is according to the relationship of the article to some individual or gathering of individual (e. g. precious stone ring for engagement proposition). In conclusion is the sign worth which is the estimation of an item in a given set or arrangement of articles because of the thought or qualities that it might speak to (Baudrillard and Levin 132-133). As indicated by Baudrillard, the cutting edge world today with all the items and things that are being created are empowering the development of another world framework that depends on the third and fourth sort of significant worth framework. This implies a large portion of the articles and items today base their qualities on a shallow worth framework. This is rather than the worth arrangement of times like the modern upheaval wherein things and articles are made and made out of usefulness and embodiment. This plan of the advanced world that depends on triviality of significant worth is should be destructed soon because of the vacant air pocket that it makes that did not depend on people groups needs but instead to people groups shallow convictions and wants. A thought additionally identified with the worth framework is Baudrillards thought on simulacra and reproduction. For him, what we have in the cutting edge world is a framework wherein we see things that are not so much genuine and fundamental. We are presently living in a world wherein we recognize things like sacredness, titles, glory and different classifications which don't generally exist. It is similar to a hyper-reality wherein we are facing a daily reality such that we recognize references without genuine referents. A lot of our exercises are adding to the advancement of this Ëœsimulacra. As a rule, we ignore what is genuine and simply fit to live affected by this new and elective reality. Baudrillard contends this is to be sure a hazardous framework wherein we are experiencing our lives in this new reality and we are living what is genuinely genuine to spoil and be saved (Baudrillard, 50-51). In fact, quite a bit of Baudrillards methods of reasoning and reactions are should make us audit and reevaluate the human condition. With his thoughts on shallow worth framework and simulacrum, we are being compelled to open ourselves and think outside what the general public instructed us to be. We are being educated by Baudrillard to see and consider things to be it is for us learn more in reality. Zygmunt Bauman Together with Baudrillard, Bauman, a Polish humanist had additionally given a fruitful ground in the talk in innovation, culture and industrialism. Much the same as other postmodernist masterminds, Bauman had offered an image of the cutting edge course of action of the advanced world. He contended that what we have now is a general public which favored individual opportunity as opposed to aggregate security. Preceding this framework is a course of action wherein people profoundly respects its control over nature, proficiency, order, rules and guideline. This is intended to make our reality more secure and progressively secure. For Bauman, this is the portrayal of the strong advancement. Notwithstanding, individuals had seen that regardless of these productive endeavors to bring harmony, security and steadiness; there are bunches that can't simply be truly controlled. This gatherings or people which can't be controlled will be alluded as Ëœstrangers. As a reaction, this strong type of innovation will later change to a fluid type of advancement. In this new type of innovation, what are progressively significant are the individual interest and the new degree of opportunity. Be that as it may, this new arrangements of attributes are made conceivable to the detriment of ideas like security (Bauman, Postmodernity and its Discontents, 130). In this new sort of innovation, various issues are emerging. Principally, the exemplary foundations like school, government and even laws are currently losing its hold to the individuals. The undertaking of discovering ones individual way is left to the individuals. Individuals are compelled to choose for their own objectives and activities which frequently bring disarray and disorder. The outsiders referenced before in the initial segment of the conversation are likewise encountering issues. Bauman for instance relates these hypothetical aliens to the Jews in the hour of the Holocaust. He contended that however social orders are being allured with the immediacy and activities of the outsiders, they are simultaneously scared of them in light of the fact that nobody realizes what they will do straightaway. In this sense, the Jews are the outsiders of Europe. The Holocaust is the consequence of the dread to these Jews that is made conceivable with the fruitful ground gave by this new sort of advancement (Bauman, Intimations of postmodernity, 94). End One can't preclude the chronicled design from securing cultural framework that exists in our reality. As one cultural course of action figured out how to rise and exist, another one will come to emerge out of its deficiencies and missteps. As the cutting edge society figured out how to effectively tested before framework, for example, feudalism, postmodernism is additionally a reaction for the inadequacies of advancement. Of course, we can generally contend that postmodernism will improve the live that we have. In spite of the fact that we increase much from the cutting edge framework, we additionally lose a lot. The thoughts of postmodernism are an endeavor to fix our general public and to restore or recapture those utilitarian attributes that were dropped or deleted in view of our day of work to innovation. In spite of the fact that a few people can and may contend against this, one thing is without a doubt, the thoughts of postmodernism are allowing us a went for to improve our lives. Works Cited Aylesworth, Gary. Postmodernism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005 Baudrillard, Jean and Levin, Charles. For a study of the political economy of the sign. Telos Press, 1981 Baudrillard, Jean. Emblematic Exchange and Death. London: Sage, 1976/1993 Bauman, Zygmunt. Does Ethics get an Opportunity in a World of Consumes. Harvard University Press, 2009 Bauman, Zygmunt. Implications of Postmodernity. London: Routledge, 1992 Bauman, Zygmunt. Post Modernity and its Discontents. New York University Press, 1997 Kellner, Douglas. Jean Baudrillard. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007 Klages, Mary. Postmodernism. College of Colorado, 2003

The Life Of Walt Disney Essays - Business, The Walt Disney Company

The Life Of Walt Disney Essays - Business, The Walt Disney Company The Life Of Walt Disney This book is about the life of Walt Disney, an American legend. The Arthur starts the story with a perspective on the family before Walt Disney's introduction to the world on December 5,1901. In the initial barely any pages after it goes on into depicting the kid inside the man, his amusingness and his honest perspective on the world through youngster's eyes. The following scarcely any sections proceed to depict different occupations he took as a kid, the family clashes inside the home and the harsh dad that instructed compliance. The book contacts marginally on how his siblings individually ventured out from home, for the most part due to conflicts with the dad. It portrays the battle of a youthful craftsman continually attempting to better himself and the savage assurance to succeed. Walt Disney put forth a valiant effort with each activity he took yet never surrendered his fantasy about turning into an illustrator. All that he did was towards an objective one can say he was an ind ependent man with desire and drive. All through the sections it sequentially archives the triumphs and dissatisfactions of the craftsman and the agent. The excursion that Walt Disney took so as to succeed was one of numerous obstructions and individual difficulties.

SO META

SO META Im sitting at the kitchen table in my London flat; my sister Lisa (MIT 17!!) is sitting to my right, underlining passages from her AP US History textbook  The American Pageant, and my friend Davie (12) is sitting opposite me, resting on his elbow and playing  Words With Friends. Hes drinking water from a bottle of what was once Cloudy Apple* juice. *YeahI have no idea what that is. Oddly, as soon as I typed this, my sister asked him whether Cloudy Apple is good, and Davies response was it tastes like cider, so I guess I have my answer. This supports my longtime suspicion that Lisa and I actually share a consciousness. Anyway, I wanted to write a blog post, but was struggling with writers block (its easier to blog for MIT admissions while actually at MIT) I write much more efficiently under deadline pressure, so Davie gave me an assignment: you have half an hour, he said, to write about being an MIT admissions blogger. There are a bunch of different things I could (should) touch on. Why and how I became an admissions blogger and application requirements How I blog the writing and posting process Whether you should become an admissions blogger I only have 23 minutes left, so time to get cracking. 1. Why and how I became an admissions blogger In eighth grade, I was IMing my bff Sameer when he mentioned MIT. Eighth grade Anna: Is that the Maryland Institute of Technology? Sameer had moved to London from Maryland, so this seemed perfectly plausible. Eighth grade Sameer (paraphrased): ..no. MASSACHUSETTS Institute of Technology. Itspretty famous. Eighth grade Anna: Ohokay. Sameer promptly sent me the link to the MIT admissions site, and I began reading the blogs. Mollie  made a particularly strong impression on me. I was an avid, regular reader long before I had any interest whatsoever in actually attending MIT; I read the blogs because I liked to read the blogs. A few years later, I spent a summer in New Mexico at a six-week astrophysics program for High School students. Lulu was one of my TAs I almost swooned when I made the connection that she was an admissions blogger. I think I wanted to become an MIT admissions blogger before I wanted to become an MIT undergraduate student. But when it came time to apply to college, MIT was naturally on the list, and when it came time to choose where to enroll, MIT snuck up to first place; it had the advantage of feeling like a friend Id grown up with. If the blogs didnt exist, I would probably not be here. I graduated from High School in 2010. All summer, I obsessively checked the admissions page, waiting for the blogger application to appear. I knew that one of the requirements would be some sort of writing portfolio and that it helps to already have a blog, to prove that you are able to churn out pieces of writing well and consistently so I started a blog sometime in June. In other words: you do not need to have had a blog for a zillion years in order to become an admissions blogger. You just need to prove somehow that you *can* do it. When the application came out, I was in the middle of an internship in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Im pretty sure I was on crutches at the time, after a dramatic Ultimate Frisbee accident. I think (though dont really remember) that I told Chris Peterson that I wanted to major in Brain and Cognitive Science, wanted to become involved in Medlinks, and wanted to live in French House. I dont remember what YouTube video I sent him, dont remember what little known fact I sent in, and dont remember my little known fact about anything you care to share. I dont remember what I said to the Team Edward or Team Jacob question, since I refuse to go anywhere near that series, dont remember what I said Id do in a zombie apocalypse, and dont remember how I said I would decorate my scraper bike. I DO remember that I sent in a copy of the graduation speech I gave as valedictorian. In other words, I remember almost nothing about that application. But I got the job! And I think I was almost, if not as, excited about that as I was to initially get into MIT. I had wanted that job for a long time. 2. How I blog the writing and posting process Looking back at old posts reminds me how much my posting process has changed over the (almost three! AHHH!!!!) years. I used to spend ten gajillion hours writing every post, paranoid that it would be bad or not well-written or not interesting. I think that, accordingly, my first posts sounded a bit artificial. I then got very busy. This is the hardest part of being a blogger, as youve probably noticed if you follow the site: posting regularly when there are a million other activities and responsibilities in your MIT student life. Since I was posting less regularly, I felt pressured to post BETTER, and therefore posted even LESS regularly, because Id take a lot of time on each post. Im not sure when the downward spiral ended, but at some point I stopped obsessing so much over every word. Now, I post about once a week; each takes about an hour, and sometimes longer. I dont do any proofreading or editing until after its posted; if you read an entry five days later, itll be a bit different from when I initially published it. Sometimes, friends and family give me ideas for posting but more often than not, ideas hit me in the middle of doing something else, and I drop everything and blog. Alternatively, Ill be hit with a strong desire to blog, and figure out what to write about as I go along. If I really cant think of anything, I cheat and do something like this,  this, or this. I should mention that the blogs are completely uncensored. I write about whatever I like, without having it screened by an admissions officer. The only rule is that I dont make stuff up about this place. 3. Whether you should become an admissions blogger I have two minutes left in my assignment. So this will have to be quick. Consider: Do you follow the admissions blogs / have a sense for the culture? Does writing come easily for you? If you take five hours to write 500 words, this will be a painful job for you. Its important to post regularly. Do you enjoy telling stories? Do you enjoy interacting with prospective students? Do you have the patience for receiving e-mails like HOW DO I GET INTO MIT??? Are you cool with having a weird cartoon avatar of your face on the admissions site? and with random people meeting you and saying waitare you Firstname LastInitial GraduationYear THE ADMISSIONS BLOGGER??? Okay, Im out of time; my half hour is up. So, this is getting posted right now, whether I like it or not. Let me know if you have any questions about the job and consider that its possible to write a post in half an hour, so the job couldnt possibly take *that* much time out of your week :)

SO META

SO META Im sitting at the kitchen table in my London flat; my sister Lisa (MIT 17!!) is sitting to my right, underlining passages from her AP US History textbook  The American Pageant, and my friend Davie (12) is sitting opposite me, resting on his elbow and playing  Words With Friends. Hes drinking water from a bottle of what was once Cloudy Apple* juice. *YeahI have no idea what that is. Oddly, as soon as I typed this, my sister asked him whether Cloudy Apple is good, and Davies response was it tastes like cider, so I guess I have my answer. This supports my longtime suspicion that Lisa and I actually share a consciousness. Anyway, I wanted to write a blog post, but was struggling with writers block (its easier to blog for MIT admissions while actually at MIT) I write much more efficiently under deadline pressure, so Davie gave me an assignment: you have half an hour, he said, to write about being an MIT admissions blogger. There are a bunch of different things I could (should) touch on. Why and how I became an admissions blogger and application requirements How I blog the writing and posting process Whether you should become an admissions blogger I only have 23 minutes left, so time to get cracking. 1. Why and how I became an admissions blogger In eighth grade, I was IMing my bff Sameer when he mentioned MIT. Eighth grade Anna: Is that the Maryland Institute of Technology? Sameer had moved to London from Maryland, so this seemed perfectly plausible. Eighth grade Sameer (paraphrased): ..no. MASSACHUSETTS Institute of Technology. Itspretty famous. Eighth grade Anna: Ohokay. Sameer promptly sent me the link to the MIT admissions site, and I began reading the blogs. Mollie  made a particularly strong impression on me. I was an avid, regular reader long before I had any interest whatsoever in actually attending MIT; I read the blogs because I liked to read the blogs. A few years later, I spent a summer in New Mexico at a six-week astrophysics program for High School students. Lulu was one of my TAs I almost swooned when I made the connection that she was an admissions blogger. I think I wanted to become an MIT admissions blogger before I wanted to become an MIT undergraduate student. But when it came time to apply to college, MIT was naturally on the list, and when it came time to choose where to enroll, MIT snuck up to first place; it had the advantage of feeling like a friend Id grown up with. If the blogs didnt exist, I would probably not be here. I graduated from High School in 2010. All summer, I obsessively checked the admissions page, waiting for the blogger application to appear. I knew that one of the requirements would be some sort of writing portfolio and that it helps to already have a blog, to prove that you are able to churn out pieces of writing well and consistently so I started a blog sometime in June. In other words: you do not need to have had a blog for a zillion years in order to become an admissions blogger. You just need to prove somehow that you *can* do it. When the application came out, I was in the middle of an internship in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Im pretty sure I was on crutches at the time, after a dramatic Ultimate Frisbee accident. I think (though dont really remember) that I told Chris Peterson that I wanted to major in Brain and Cognitive Science, wanted to become involved in Medlinks, and wanted to live in French House. I dont remember what YouTube video I sent him, dont remember what little known fact I sent in, and dont remember my little known fact about anything you care to share. I dont remember what I said to the Team Edward or Team Jacob question, since I refuse to go anywhere near that series, dont remember what I said Id do in a zombie apocalypse, and dont remember how I said I would decorate my scraper bike. I DO remember that I sent in a copy of the graduation speech I gave as valedictorian. In other words, I remember almost nothing about that application. But I got the job! And I think I was almost, if not as, excited about that as I was to initially get into MIT. I had wanted that job for a long time. 2. How I blog the writing and posting process Looking back at old posts reminds me how much my posting process has changed over the (almost three! AHHH!!!!) years. I used to spend ten gajillion hours writing every post, paranoid that it would be bad or not well-written or not interesting. I think that, accordingly, my first posts sounded a bit artificial. I then got very busy. This is the hardest part of being a blogger, as youve probably noticed if you follow the site: posting regularly when there are a million other activities and responsibilities in your MIT student life. Since I was posting less regularly, I felt pressured to post BETTER, and therefore posted even LESS regularly, because Id take a lot of time on each post. Im not sure when the downward spiral ended, but at some point I stopped obsessing so much over every word. Now, I post about once a week; each takes about an hour, and sometimes longer. I dont do any proofreading or editing until after its posted; if you read an entry five days later, itll be a bit different from when I initially published it. Sometimes, friends and family give me ideas for posting but more often than not, ideas hit me in the middle of doing something else, and I drop everything and blog. Alternatively, Ill be hit with a strong desire to blog, and figure out what to write about as I go along. If I really cant think of anything, I cheat and do something like this,  this, or this. I should mention that the blogs are completely uncensored. I write about whatever I like, without having it screened by an admissions officer. The only rule is that I dont make stuff up about this place. 3. Whether you should become an admissions blogger I have two minutes left in my assignment. So this will have to be quick. Consider: Do you follow the admissions blogs / have a sense for the culture? Does writing come easily for you? If you take five hours to write 500 words, this will be a painful job for you. Its important to post regularly. Do you enjoy telling stories? Do you enjoy interacting with prospective students? Do you have the patience for receiving e-mails like HOW DO I GET INTO MIT??? Are you cool with having a weird cartoon avatar of your face on the admissions site? and with random people meeting you and saying waitare you Firstname LastInitial GraduationYear THE ADMISSIONS BLOGGER??? Okay, Im out of time; my half hour is up. So, this is getting posted right now, whether I like it or not. Let me know if you have any questions about the job and consider that its possible to write a post in half an hour, so the job couldnt possibly take *that* much time out of your week :)

The Civil War And America s History - 1108 Words

The Civil War is the significant and central event in America’s history. It lasted in four years from 1861 to 1865 and was involved by not only men but also women. The Civil War made a significant affect in the lives of American in general and women in particular. During the war, women started taking action and challenging the ideology of â€Å"true womanhood† to stand in many different roles. They became soldiers, nurses, spies, and doctors. They took new roles at home, fought along men, and served in battle field. The ideology of â€Å"true womanhood† defined the majority of American woman to stay back home focusing primarily on housework and childcare. However, when the Civil War broke out and men went in mass to fight for their side North or South, women had more responsibilities at home. Many of them became the head of the house hold and had to find out how to feed their families, taking care their kids and making sure everything running smoothly. Women were now in charge of more physically farm work such as planting, harvesting and even maintaining. Beside handling more roles within household, women began to get involve in more duties to support the war and their family members, neighbors and friends who were in the military. They were charged with helping to keep soldiers’ morale. They were expected to always be cheerful when keep their soldier updated about daily news from home. It was a difficult responsibility while there were so many changes when their men went to war.Sh ow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The American Civil War1521 Words   |  7 PagesMrs. V History 101 19 April 2017 Civil War The American Civil War, that took place from 1861 to 1865, marked one of the most important changes in American history, it was fought between the Union and the Confederate States of America. A total of even southern states that left the Union to form their own country in order to protect the institution of slavery. 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In Lincoln’ s 200th birthday, Obama said, â€Å"It s a humbling task, marking the bicentennial of our 16th President s birth-humbling for me in particular, because it s fair to say that we presidency of this singular figure who we celebrate, in so many ways made my own story possible.†(Barrack Obama. President Obama Speaks at Lincoln’s 200thRead MoreWomen In The Civil War1674 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Who Fought In the Civil War Submitted By: Tierahnee Balfour History 2010 Enhanced Mrs. Teresa Prober 19 October 2012 It is an accepted convention that the Civil War was a man’s fight, but to the women in that time period, it was not. Many women sacrificed their lives to fight for their family and for their country. The Civil War is symbolic in American history because it shaped society, as we know it today, â€Å"Free of slavery†. During the Civil War, women were mostly confined

Marketing - 6717 Words

Marketing Project | Axe Brand Universal Oil | New Product Line | Oke Wei Qian, StarrWong Shiying, CelineCheng May HungYim Yoke Ngoh, CherylTan Chun LinLow Wei Min BenjaminJordan Chew Yi Wen6B/12 | Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 2 2.0 Situational Analysis 3 2.1 Market Summary 3 2.2 Market Analysis 3 - 4 2.3 Competition Analysis 4 - 5 2.4 Product Offering 5 - 6 2.5 SWOT Analysis 6 - 9 2.6 Keys to Success 10 - 11 2.7 Critical Issues 11 3.0 Market Strategy 12 3.1 Mission 12 3.2 Marketing objectives 12 - 13 3.3 Financial objectives 13 3.4 Target Market 13 - 14 3.5 Positioning 14 - 15 3.6 Strategies 15 3.7 Marketing Mix 15 - 18 4.0 Financials 19 4.1 Breakeven Analysis 19 4.2 Sales†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Axe oil would like to seize the opportunity by launching a new product line that caters to this group of potential consumers. Axe oil would consider the needs, purchasing decision and incorporate into the new product line. 2.3 Competition Analysis It is a necessary precursor to the task of competitor analysis, and the starting point for analysing the dynamics of competitive strategy (Smith et al., 1992). Axe oil in the recent years, introduced and added several new products to its product line in the market. These include the Axe Brand Inhaler, the Axe Brand Red Flower Oil and the Axe Brand Medicated Plaster. However (Singapore Infopedia,2012), not much marketing promotion was done, as Axe oil believes that the brand name has already created the positioning of these products being affordable with effective value of natural therapy. Axe oil uses penetration-pricing strategy and Mr. Leong Mun Sum, the managing director of the company, emphasized that Axe Brand products are suitable for people of all ages (Asiaone, 2012), despite the stereotype that they are used only by the older generation. With its distribution in more than fifty countries, international consumers may purchase Axe oil products through online stores such as EBa y and Amazon.com. Its competitors are at the same time are also launching new products andShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. Yes, I am a consumer who clips coupons, budgets my finances, and looks for sale items and this marketing class has taught me that marketing is more than selling or advertising. Marketing managers have a difficult job, as marketing involves identifying, meeting and satisfying the needs of customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthis day and age, marketing plays a pivotal role in the business environment. Marketing is dynamic, complicated and challenging. The basic concept of marketing is to identify the need of human and society, and research how to satisfy a nd create those need. According to American Marketing Association (AMA), defining that marketing is the processed activity which communicate and exchange valuable offerings to customers (AMA, 2013). To be more precise, the main mission of marketing is choosing targetRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing concept Marketing plays a major function in any business organisation. The essence of marketing is about designing and managing a product and generating exchanges of value from where both the customer and the organisation can attain benefits. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). 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Cookie Cutter Shark Facts Free Essays

Cookie cutter shark ————————————————- Features: The Cookiecutter Shark combines many specialized features that enable it to carve out a living in the deep-sea. Like many mesopelagic sharks, it has an elongated body cavity filled with an enormous liver comprising as much as 35% of its total weight. The Cookiecutter’s liver is perfused with low-density oils which render the shark nearly neutrally buoyant over a wide range of depths and thereby saves energy by freeing it from the need to swim constantly to avoid sinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Cookie Cutter Shark Facts or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has very large eyes — the better with which to see potential prey — and a short, broad caudal fin that is ideal for rapid bursts of acceleration over short distances — that is, ambushing prey from close range. ————————————————- Hunting abilities: To lure prey within range, the Cookiecutter Shark relies on its brilliant luminescence. Complex light-producing organs called â€Å"photophores† are scattered over the Cookiecutter’s entire body and are especially richly distributed on its belly and lower surfaces. A main function of this pattern of bioluminescent organs is to eliminate an animal’s shadow as seen from below, a common mesopelagic anti-predatory strategy known as â€Å"counter-illumination†. But there is a very curious fact about the distribution of photophores on the Cookiecutter Shark’s undersurfaces: they are completely absent from the region under the throat between the gill slits. It has recently been proposed that this dark patch that is bordered by luminescent organs may mimic the search image of many upward-looking pelagic predators. Thus, when a would-be predator approaches what appear to be a small shadow of a potential prey animal, it is brought within the striking range of the insidious Cookiecutter Shark and the predator has become prey. ————————————————- Humans who, by accident or by design, enter the open sea are not immune from attacks by Cookiecutter Sharks. The body of a drowned fisherman recovered ff the coast of Oahu, Hawaii, in July 1992 had two Cookiecutter bites to the lower back. These bites are believed to have been inflicted post mortem, but there are a few documented reports of people — including shipwreck survivors and, in one case, an underwater photographer — being attacked in the tropical open ocean by schools of blunt-snouted and extremely ferocious foot-long (30-centimetre long) â€Å"fish† that neatly sliced out circular plugs of flesh about an inch (2. cen timetres) in diameter. The fish responsible may well have been Cookiecutters. This frightening possibility certainly puts the romantic notion of a moonlight swim in a whole new light. ————————————————- ———————————————————————————————————————–] How to cite Cookie Cutter Shark Facts, Essay examples