Cookie Cutter Shark Facts Free Essays

Cookie cutter shark ————————————————- Features: The Cookiecutter Shark combines many specialized features that enable it to carve out a living in the deep-sea. Like many mesopelagic sharks, it has an elongated body cavity filled with an enormous liver comprising as much as 35% of its total weight. The Cookiecutter’s liver is perfused with low-density oils which render the shark nearly neutrally buoyant over a wide range of depths and thereby saves energy by freeing it from the need to swim constantly to avoid sinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Cookie Cutter Shark Facts or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has very large eyes — the better with which to see potential prey — and a short, broad caudal fin that is ideal for rapid bursts of acceleration over short distances — that is, ambushing prey from close range. ————————————————- Hunting abilities: To lure prey within range, the Cookiecutter Shark relies on its brilliant luminescence. Complex light-producing organs called â€Å"photophores† are scattered over the Cookiecutter’s entire body and are especially richly distributed on its belly and lower surfaces. A main function of this pattern of bioluminescent organs is to eliminate an animal’s shadow as seen from below, a common mesopelagic anti-predatory strategy known as â€Å"counter-illumination†. But there is a very curious fact about the distribution of photophores on the Cookiecutter Shark’s undersurfaces: they are completely absent from the region under the throat between the gill slits. It has recently been proposed that this dark patch that is bordered by luminescent organs may mimic the search image of many upward-looking pelagic predators. Thus, when a would-be predator approaches what appear to be a small shadow of a potential prey animal, it is brought within the striking range of the insidious Cookiecutter Shark and the predator has become prey. ————————————————- Humans who, by accident or by design, enter the open sea are not immune from attacks by Cookiecutter Sharks. The body of a drowned fisherman recovered ff the coast of Oahu, Hawaii, in July 1992 had two Cookiecutter bites to the lower back. These bites are believed to have been inflicted post mortem, but there are a few documented reports of people — including shipwreck survivors and, in one case, an underwater photographer — being attacked in the tropical open ocean by schools of blunt-snouted and extremely ferocious foot-long (30-centimetre long) â€Å"fish† that neatly sliced out circular plugs of flesh about an inch (2. cen timetres) in diameter. The fish responsible may well have been Cookiecutters. This frightening possibility certainly puts the romantic notion of a moonlight swim in a whole new light. ————————————————- ———————————————————————————————————————–] How to cite Cookie Cutter Shark Facts, Essay examples

International Management Occupied a Global Space

Question: Describe about the International Management for Occupied a Global Space. Answer: The Internet has occupied a global space. Culture, on the other hand, is specific to a country or even to a state. Culture and the Internet stand in the opposite direction to each other. In todays time internet is negatively influencing the growth of culture. People are becoming more and more addicted to the internet and they are getting all the information and services from the internet. In this process, culture is losing its value and aura (Dawson, Lorne and Douglas E 2013). It can be said that the internet affects culture more. Culture comprises of customs, rituals, fashion, food and many other things. Some examples can be cited to illustrate that how the internet is affecting culture. Use of the internet is affecting the real life groups, associations, education, and economy. Instead of going to some gatherings people can, now communicate through chat, email, Whatsapp and so on. With the increase in global business, there may be some conflicts in workplaces since people from different culture and communities work in an organization. However, we can discuss the various forms of operational conflicts that might happen in an organization. People from different countries value time in different ways. Not all value the importance of reaching somewhere or doing some work on time (Trueba et al. 2014). For, examples the North Americans are very definite about their time. If someone reaches late for an interview, then the probability is that he will not get the job. On the contrary, the Latin Americans do not have much consideration for time. The definition and meaning of individualism also change with place and culture. In some countries, employees are free to work individually but in China, working together is what they advocate in organizations. The stereotypes that the foreigners have about Australians are quite age-old and illogical. It is said by many that the Australia has very less population. However, it is sparsely populated in rural areas, but the major cities of Australia have a huge number of people. The cities have people from different parts of the world and with each passing days the population is growing (Chan, Hock-Thye and Suzanne 2013). Thinking, Australia to be an island country many foreigners think that it has scanty population but the fact is not so. Apart from these, another stereotype that the foreigners have about Australians is that the Australians are self-centric. Australia has people from different culture and communities. Different festivals are also celebrated in Australia. Foreigners also think that Australians live a very relaxed life by the beach. These assumptions of the foreigners are based on their vague information about Australia. I think the foreigners are boastful in nature, extravagan t and have shallow knowledge. The role of social media is immense in promoting business communication. The social sites help in targeting the right audience in an effective way and build a relationship between the consumers and the brand. It helps the consumers to leave their comments and likes which create a transparent relation between the company and the customers. In social sites like Instagram, Facebook, and Youtube a company can post the pictures and information of their products or services, which are designed in a very lucrative way. The social sites often provide ads about the services of products of some brand, with catchy statements and taglines. This generates hype among the public and thereby the brand automatically becomes very popular (Schwartz 2013). Social media and business communication thus goes hand in hand and is always interdependent. Language and culture are interrelated. Different ideas, views, and thoughts are exchanged through language. However, it is often seen that when a baby is born, the baby learns about the surrounding culture through the language that is spoken. Societal culture is communicated through language. However, it is often found that people from the same language tend to miscommunication. This happens because language may remain same of a region, but culture may vary from person. Culture has the connection with a person's upbringing, history, his family tradition and so on (Bonvillain 2013). Therefore, based on this, a person can have a unique cultural value, and someone else can have some other cultural value based on his or her upbringing and so on. This is how people from the same language community interpret or understand in different ways. Cultural diversity plays a major role in comprehending body language. For example, in U.S.A eye contact is necessary and is taken as a positive sign in conveying interest and confidence (Banks 2015). Whereas prolong eye contact between a man and a woman in the Middle East is something wrong or is not desirable. Then there are even some cultures where a woman should always look downwards while talking to a man. The same type of body language in some other culture is seen to be something disrespectful. In some countries, small gestures play a major role (Wiewiora et al. 2013). For example, in China being serious is something normal whereas in India being serious is not desirable. In the office, these type of communication can either negatively or positively affect the business relationship. A good facial expression of a manager towards an employee can positively affect their relationship. Whereas an angry expression can unsettle things between them. Non-verbal communication is a very powerful means of communication. It includes facial expression, smiles and so on (Chira 2014). However, one has to be very cautious while using non-verbal mode of communication in different cultural setup. A prior knowledge of the culture and their customs is necessary to use non-verbal communication. It is necessary to evade any miscommunication and misunderstanding. So, while communicating via gestures, handshakes, nodding of head one has to know about the effect of such communication in that cultural setup. In China, their smile is at times very confusing, since at times when they are in some problem they keep on smiling to evade the embarrassment of the situation. Therefore, the use of non-verbal communication is not uniform everywhere and varies with diverse cultural setups. However, in almost all cultures angry face, sad face and so on has the same meaning. Risk tolerance varies from one culture to another. It is said that people with more endurance power have the ability to tolerate more risks or challenges. Across the world, there are people from different culture and background, and that decide their risk taking ability (Frijns 2013). People from Japan and Netherlands have a low tolerance towards risk. Whereas people from other parts of the world like Germany, Austria, and Belgium has more challenging attitude and can handle risky situations better than the rest. However, the ability to take risks or challenges affects the decision of managers or the management team in an organization. The risk taking ability plays a vital role in an organization and can be helpful in many ways (Hall et al. 2013). It can enable an organization to have a successful business venture. It can help an organization to hire good employees for a reasonable pay. It helps a manager to take some individual decisions and implementation of it. Germany being a country where people are mostly fine with taking risks or challenges they would not negotiate with others point of view (Heineck, Guido and Bernd 2013). Risk taking in an organization mainly affects the financial aspect of the company. A German manager in an organization would not negotiate with something that is not conducive for the growth of their business. The individual decision is something that a German manager can practice. Suppose I offer a German company a deal that is to be bought at quite a high rate. The German's would try to buy the deal at a lower price. As the German people make decisions based on the need of the industry, they do not much care about the bond of friendship in business. However, in such situation, I would try to pursue them through business meetings and making them understand the benefits of the deal and would try to build a rapport with them to have a successful business deal. Entry strategy refers to building a new trade relation with a new country. Exporting is advantageous because whatever goods are produced are all from the home country and bear less risk of financial loss in the overseas market and helps to understand the demand of the goods in the overseas market (Leih, Sohvi and David 2014). Countries like Zambia and some others are motivated to export their goods to grow their global market and earn revenues. The responsibility of doing the work fully depends on the contractor. Some of the Asian countries, as well as the Middle Eastern countries, opt for the turnkey projects since they find it helpful in producing some goods or projects. Wholly owned subsidiaries are advantageous because by adopting this policy of trade a company bears fewer chances of risks. It enables a company to have diverse businesses and in case if one business is not doing well then the parent company can rely on the other business. With the global growth of business, the idea of business expansion of a firm has good opportunities as well as some threats. The opportunities are, the firm will have a wide business expansion. There will be a global competition, and the firm will strive to do better. The firm can earn more revenue (Won, J.E and H.S 2015). The firm can build many overseas trade relations. This will, however, increase the overall visibility of the country in the world business platform. Apart from the advantages, there are some threats also for a firm to move from home-based business to global market. In an initial stage, the firm has to invest, quite a good amount of money to start with their global business, which might not be a successful one. Another threat is the issue of managing a huge workforce. The ineffective handling of the workforce can lead to business loss. Koreans are very loyal towards their culture and tradition. They are very homely and have a strong nationalistic sense (Seo et al. 2012). They mostly use cars made by their home-based manufacturers. This, however, shuns the growth of other automobile companies in Korea. Korea is a potential market for the car traders but they are quite closed culture and do not much like outside business influence. However, some strategies can be adapted to penetrate the Korean market. A company can form a joint venture with a Korean company to make a market and space in the Korean market. Joint ventures in this prospect can be an entry-level strategy. The joint venture can also help a company to understand the mindsets, likes and dislikes of the Koreans. However, apart from this, another strategy for a company would be to make a market research and reach the hearts of the Korean's by understanding their culture. Merging or collaboration is a beneficial business prospect in today's time. The reason behind this association can be many. Firstly, it is due to increase in free trade. Then there can be a support and backup. It can be helpful in creating a bigger brand and company. It can also be beneficial in reaching the world and making a mark on the global platform. Then there can be diversity in products and services. Merge up can also help in cost cutting and increase working capability of the companies. Due to merging up the production also increases and the chances of risk in a business decreases. A mutual understanding is also developed between two companies (Gomes et al. 2013). We can, however, cite some examples in this prospect. Companies like "Procter and Gambel" merged with "Gillette." Another example would be the collaboration of "Carphone Warehouse" and "Dixons." Now, the two companies after collaboration are known as "Dixons Carphone." The cross-cultural or cross-border alliance brings in some problem. The problems occur mainly due to cultural differences. However, some of them are proper management of the workforce. In this prospect, the H.R rules also come into consideration. The policies or rules cannot be uniformly implemented on all the employees. Apart from this, a conflict can happen at the management level, regarding who should have the main control over the business (Thomas, David C and Mark F 2014). This can negatively hamper the working environment in an office and initiate chaos and disturbance among the employees. To decrease the incompatibility, a company should wisely choose his partner. For this, one should know the culture of his partner company. In such cases, the board of directors selected can be from two different cultures and the H.R policies should be made keeping in mind the cultural differences (Leonard et al. 2013). Strategic implementation varies with the difference in culture and place. If the people of a country believes in working together or supports collectivism, then they would stick to their traditional views and custom. On the contrary, if the people of a country are individualistic in their approach they would take their decision based on their ideas and knowledge. The culture of a nation also influences the strategies of an organization (Barrick 2015). The collaboration of Mittal Steel and Arcelor has created one of the major steel industries in the world. In the collaboration, both the companies faced some incompatibility since they are from totally two different cultures. Arcelor had a poor view about Mittal Steels but their view changed with time and the collaboration proved to be a successful one. Due to cultural difference, France opposed the association, as France did not want a European company to tie business relation with some Asian country. References: Banks, James A.Cultural diversity and education. Routledge, 2015. Barrick, Murray R., Gary R. Thurgood, Troy A. Smith, and Stephen H. Courtright. "Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance."Academy of Management journal58, no. 1 (2015): 111-135. Bonvillain, Nancy.Language, culture, and communication. Pearson Higher Ed, 2013. Chan, Hock-Thye, and Suzanne Ryan. "Challenging stereotypes: International accounting students in Australia."Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing9, no. 2 (2013): 169. Chira, Dorin. "NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION."CONSTRUCTIONS OF IDENTITY (VII)(2014): 67. Dawson, Lorne L., and Douglas E. Cowan, eds.Religion online: Finding faith on the Internet. Routledge, 2013. Frijns, Bart, Aaron Gilbert, Thorsten Lehnert, and Alireza Tourani-Rad. "Uncertainty avoidance, risk tolerance and corporate takeover decisions."Journal of Banking Finance37, no. 7 (2013): 2457-2471. Gomes, Emanuel, Duncan N. Angwin, Yaakov Weber, and Shlomo Yedidia Tarba. "Critical success factors through the mergers and acquisitions process: revealing pre?and post?MA connections for improved performance."Thunderbird international business review55, no. 1 (2013): 13-35. Hall, Richard, Renu Agarwal, and Roy Green. "The future of management education in Australia: challenges and innovations."education+ training55, no. 4/5 (2013): 348-369. Heineck, Guido, and Bernd Sssmuth. "A different look at Lenins legacy: Social capital and risk taking in the two Germanies."Journal of Comparative Economics41, no. 3 (2013): 789-803. Leih, Sohvi, and David Teece. "Market Entry Strategies."Leih, S. Teece, D.(2014), Market entry strategies, In D. Teece and M. Augier (eds). Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, London. UK: Palgrave Macmillan(2014). Leonard, Sonia, Meg Parsons, Knut Olawsky, and Frances Kofod. "The role of culture and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation: Insights from East Kimberley, Australia."Global Environmental Change23, no. 3 (2013): 623-632. Schwartz, H. Andrew, Johannes C. Eichstaedt, Margaret L. Kern, Lukasz Dziurzynski, Stephanie M. Ramones, Megha Agrawal, Achal Shah et al. "Personality, gender, and age in the language of social media: The open-vocabulary approach."PloS one8, no. 9 (2013): e73791. Seo, Yoojeong Nadine, Phil Leather, and Iain Coyne. "South Korean culture and history: The implications for workplace bullying."Aggression and violent behavior17, no. 5 (2012): 419-422. Thomas, David C., and Mark F. Peterson.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications, 2014. Trueba, Henry T., Lila Jacobs, and Elizabeth Kirton.Cultural Conflict Adaptation. Routledge, 2014. Wiewiora, Anna, Bambang Trigunarsyah, Glen Murphy, and Vaughan Coffey. "Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context."International Journal of Project Management31, no. 8 (2013): 1163-1174. Won, J. H., J. E. Chung, and H. S. Yang. "An Exploratory Case Study on Consumer-Goods SMEs' Overseas Expansion of Their Own Brands."Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship10, no. 1 (2015): 199-210.

Claudius Of Shakespeare - Prince Of Machiavelli Essays - Film

Claudius Of Shakespeare - Prince Of Machiavelli ?Every one sees what you appear to be, few really know what you are, and those few dare not oppose themselves to the opinion of the many, who have the majesty of the state to defend them.? - Nicolo Machiavelli, from The Prince Italian political theorist Nicolo Machiavelli speculated that the strongest leaders are ones who are able to carefully balance appearances to his benefit, strategically using them to strengthen his regime. If Machiavelli was indeed correct, then Claudius, from Shakespeare's Hamlet, starts off as an ideal Machiavellian prince. However, as the play develops, Claudius' loses his previously immovable command and composure, largely due to his concern over the potential threat posed by his stepson, Hamlet. At the beginning of the play, Claudius appears to have complete control over Elsinore, as evidenced by his imposing speech to the court: Therefore our sometime sister, now our queen, Th' imperial jointress to this warlike state, Have we (as ?twere with a defeated j oy, With an auspicious and a dropping eye, With mirth in funeral and dirge in marriage, In equal scale weighing delight and dole) Taken to wife... [1.2: 8-14] In this scene, Claudius, who has only recently taken the throne after the death of his brother, addresses some pressing issues. Seeking to create a strong early impression, Claudius uses his words very carefully, taking great pains to both mourn his late brother and celebrate his marriage. Furthermore, with the words ?imperial jointress to this warlike state? he justifies the potentially controversial union by making it appear like a benefit to the entire kingdom. Claudius is clearly a shrewd politician, for he deliberately emphasizes the contrast between his marriage and Hamlet's death, using phrases such as ?defeated joy? and ?with an auspicious and a dropping eye.? The benefits to such an approach are obvious : on one hand Claudius appeals to popular sentiment by remembering his popular brother, and on the other hand, with his celebration of his marriage, the King proves that he is ready to move on and attack his new role with vigor. The oxymoronic phrases ?mirth in funeral? and ?dirge in marriage? recall Machiavelli's words, for Claudius demonstrates his ability to express whatever emotions make him look wise and just, showing that he is in command of Denmark, despite his limited experience as king. Claudius fortifies his majestic appearance by taking decisive and positive action. When faced with the threat of Fortinbras, he immediately takes diplomatic measures, sending Cornelius and Voltemand to protect Denmark's borders and create an alliance with Norway. Later, Laertes asks for permission to return to France. Knowing the value of the advice of Laertes' father, Polonius, Claudius gives his consent in a jovial manner, thus strengthening his position with the courtiers. The King even senses the troubled state of Hamlet, and rather than letting things run their course, Claudius immediately sends Rose ncrantz and Guildenstern as spies. Most importantly, in every decision he makes, Claudius appears confident, maintaining a balanced temperament in the public eye. Yet underneath this smooth facade lies a man who is concerned above all about Hamlet. A full two months after the death of his father, Hamlet continues to mourn, thereby keeping Old Hamlet's death in the public spotlight. Claudius, of course, would much rather forget about the incident, for that would not only decrease the likelihood of his being discovered but also help lighten his overburdened conscience. Unfortunately, Hamlet will not let him nor the public forget. Furthermore, Claudius realizes that Hamlet has a justified claim to the throne that could destabilize the King's regime. In an attempt to alleviate the situation, Claudius stresses Hamlet's role as his successor, not potential replacement. Nevertheless, the threat of Hamlet remains, and Claudius becomes extremely concerned with it. ?That do I long to hear!? [ 2.2: 53] refers not to news of Fortinbras but to the cause of Hamlet's perceived lunacy. This exclamation is also the first time that we have seen Claudius stray from his even-tempered public appearance, as he reveals a bit of emotion where Hamlet is concerned. The effect of Hamlet on the King reaches a climax during The Murder of Gonzago, during which the King's

Dredd Scott Case Study essays

Dredd Scott Case Study essays In 1848, the United States had acquired new lands in the Mexican cession and the question was whether or not the south should be allowed to spread slavery to the new states. Dredd Scott was a slave to a U.S. army surgeon, Dr. John Emerson in St. Louis, Missouri-a slave state. Dr. Emerson was transferred to Illinois, a state in which slavery was forbidden; he took Dredd Scott with him anyway. Two years later, he relocated again to Fort Snelling, Louisiana-another state where slavery was not only forbidden but an area in which, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery. In 1846, Mr. Scott brought suit in a Missouri court to obtain his freedom because he felt that living in a free state would constitute freedom for him. He was successful in winning the case, but the Missouri Supreme Court reversed the judgment. Dredd Scott, with the help of some abolitionists arranged for the sale of Scott to John Sanford who was the brother of the widow of Dr. Emerson and who was already a cit izen in New York so that the jurisdiction could be taken by the federal circuit court in Missouri. The federal court held against Mr. Scott and he appealed to the Supreme Court under a writ of error. The Privileges or Immunities, Due Process, and Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. 1. Can a negro, whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guarantied by that instrument to the citizen? 2. Whether the provisions of the constitution, in relation to the personal rights and privileges to which the citizen of a State should be entitled, embraced the negro African race, at that time in this country, or who might afterwards be imported, who had then or ...

The Pap Smear Test For Cervical Cancer Research Paper

The Pap Smear Test For Cervical Cancer - Research Paper Example The article also has data on prevalence and epidemiology of cervical cancer and recommends regular screening. The accuracy of the test is influenced by a number of factors; typically determination of both sensitivity and specificity for a test involves studies applying standard testing on all the participating persons. Studies comparing the test have shown its detection sensitivity to be between 55% - 80% but due to the slow pace at which cervical cancer grows; sensitivity can be higher in a program of regular screening with Pap. In determining the test’s sensitivity and specificity, there is the requirement for defining a standard for the test as well as the standard threshold for reference. ASCUS is mostly applied as the threshold for the test while CIN 1 is utilized as the standard for reference. With the combination, the sensitivity of approximately 68% is achieved and 75% specificity. LSIL could be the most appropriate threshold for the test when used with CIN 2-3 as the standard for reference and with this combination, up to 70%-80%, sensitivity & 95% specificity levels are achieved. It is important to note that obtaining adequate specimen is crucial in determining accuracy and integrity of a Pap smear test. In conclusion, therefore, screening is very important in the management of cervical cancer and therefore regular testing is recommended for women. Sensitivity and specificity of the test can be very high if the screening is done appropriately with the adequate specimen and large cohorts of participants.

U.S. and Nevada Constitutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

U.S. and Nevada Constitutions - Essay Example ed by Bowers that â€Å"the incredibly short span of three years from territory to statehood and the events predating and surrounding that transition make the Nevada Constitution a truly exceptional document† (12). Due to several amendments made to this constitution, it has ended up with more words and more details as compared to the United States constitution; it is more deeply descriptive, while the U.S.’s is more general in terms of its structure. As per the constitution of Nevada, it has 19 articles that describe the basic laws ranging from the organization of the government, power distribution within the government institutions, and the bill of rights meant to protect the people from any form of oppression. In most cases, the Nevada constitution resembles that of the U.S. though in some other instances, there are variations which result in differences in length, for example the omission of individual rights from the U.S. constitution, but present in the Nevada constitution. According to Bowers (15), Nevada’s constitution provides a more direct means of separation of powers into three most basic divisions and has an additional system for checks and balances moreover this constitution has a system for amendments and revision whereby the judiciary has been vested with such powers. These additional clauses makes it longer that the U.S constitution. There are various factors that define the length and details of a state constitution. According to Berman, â€Å"a broad historical factor accounting for this condition was the loss of popular confidence in state legislators† (77). Constitutional amendments made after the civil wars had extensive and detailed policies to prevent corruptions and mismanagement that marred the nation. The ease of amendments provided by the Nevada’s constitution has made it easier to add additional values by the concerned parties. In general, most of the state constitutions are noteworthy constitutions; the differences can be

Egypt And Water Crisis Issues

Egypt And Water Crisis Issues Water is an essential resource that humans demands on In order to live, some countries are affected by the water crisis due to three important resources the scarcity of usable water, drought, and water pollution. Egypt faces water crisis mainly water pollution, which is one of the major problem facing the global circumstance, one of the causes to the water pollution problem is that it is not actually illegal to dump pollutants into water bodies. (Caroline, 2009) In my research paper I will be explaining why was Egypt hit by water crisis describing its causes, effects, and solutions, I will also be using four types of methodology descriptive, statistical descriptive, analytical, and data. Egypt has signed an agreement with other 10 countries to share the Nile river water that provides fresh water for agriculture, industry and human consumption. Egypt not like any other country which is located at the end of the river system allows it exploit massive control over how countries up-stream uses the Niles water resources. Due to the high growth of population and climate change the share of water will be reduced. (Cathcart, 2007) Another problem that Egypt might be facing soon is the share of water between Egypt and the Nile basin states. In the beginning of 2010, several states that are located on the Nile River signed an agreement among them for a redistribution of Nile waters, and by that they threatened Egypts uneven share based on previous treaties. In Egypts poor areas people travel a really long distance to just get clean water and when they get there they maybe shortage of water so they will start fighting over the clean water .(barsoum, 2007) Body Several facts that have hit Egypt with water crisis first of all Egypt maintain legal and political position on Nile water crisis. The main objective of the study is to analyze the crisis of the Nile Basin, and its effect on Egypt. As it, influence the relation between the ten countries falling aside the Nile River. Literature review Eleiba, 2011 explained the new agreement for the redistribution of the Nile water signed by several Nile basins countries. By this new agreement they threatened Egypts uneven share based on previous treaties. Participant states argued the need for a greater share of Nile waters to drive domestic development. Egyptian prime mister of irrigation and water resources also said at the time that there must be consensus among all Nile states to amend any standing arrangement. Upon the new agreement that was signed Egypt and Sudan werent involved and it was a shock for the prime minister because the agreement put an end to the assurance of signatory states towards Egypt. Egypt sent a report to the national security agency and the ministry of foreign affairs to aid us on this false agreement that Egypt didnt sign to but unfortunately no action was taken. But Egypts legal advisor moahamed sameh amr said that they had more than one problem blocking the accomplishment of the framework agreement by foundation countries without the contribution of Egypt and Sudan. Both counties maintain the old status quo of them using the biggest percentage of the water as stipulated in two colonial agreements they signed with the British in 1929 and 1959. Egypt has a right to use about 75 percent of the water while Sudan has 11 percent and the rest of the seven countries share 14 percent. (Eleiba, 2011) After that we will see that Water pollution in Egypt reached complex stage, a report by the Egyptian ministry of environment has indicated that Egypt had reached a drinking water pollution problem which is a complex stage. This resulted from the Nile river which suffered from pollution particularly from canals branching from it, these pollution are caused by swage from cities, towns and, epically from direct and indirect waste produced factories, Egyptian ministry of environment stated that there was lack of cleanliness services over the past years. The problem of water pollution is very complex due to including the lack of enormous investments to get rid of pollution, plus wide number of laws and bodies organization water resources has blocked solution to the problem. (George, 2009) The drought problem now according to Ibrahim Abou Ouf, an Egyptian Member of Parliament, Egypt will face severe water shortages by the year 2025 and portrayed the crisis as a possible drought, the Water Research Center of Egypt announced The report which was issued by the Egypts Water Research center stated that 60% of farms would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water supplements. Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Egypt. The rapid increase in population in Egypt, moreover miscarriage, absence of good management of water distribution and water pollution will be expected as the main reasons for the shortage. During the summer of 2010 Egyptians take to streets to protest water crisis (Ouf, 2007) The methodology included in this paper is descriptive which describes the causes of water crisis in Egypt and the agreements with the Nile basin countries. Second type of methodology is statistical descriptive I will be using indicators to show the economic effects of the water crisis on the Egyptian economy. Third type of methodology is analytical I will analyze the impact of the water crisis and how it influences the potentials of the Egyptian economy and discussing different solutions. The fourth type of methodology is data where the total consumption of water in Egypt has risen to 17%, the share of Egypt they consume 55.5 billion Cubic meters of waters year the main problem is people consider the water when it is being polluted that it is spoiled by anthropogenic which is effected by human activity or does not contain the support of human use, we have other sources that cause to water pollution like storms, volcanoes and earthquakes these phenomena changes the quality and the ecological status of the water. We have two types of water that they are likely to be contaminated but they are naturally, the first type is surface water consists of the rivers, lakes, and oceans covering most of the earths surface. The second type is groundwater which is considered a pristine resource has been shown to be subject to considerable contamination from toxic chemicals. Groundwater is water beneath the earths surface in soils or rocks, or in geological formations that are fully saturated. Some contamination maybe be considered accidental the product of unintended and unexpected waste migration to water supplies, a portion of the contamination was deliberate. Watercourses were simply a convenient place to dump municipal or private swage and industrial wastes. Along the shoreline of many lakes or rivers, pipes dumping human or industrial wastes directly into the water a common occurrence before laws limiting this activity were enacted ad enforced. Water crisis hits Egypt due to two main things water pollution and drought, I will give an example about how water is being polluted in Egypt In one of the articles that I found is talking about the lake temsah in suez . Lake Temsah is at a point where nearly all the waste waters are discharged like public agriculture and industrial this lake is connected to the Suez Canal and of course by that we will see that petroleum oil will be passed that are being produced by the Arab gulf to the rest of the world. The Temsah Lake is a major source of fishing because it serves the area of Ismailia which is a tourism site where the industries flourishes. There have been many complaints and it caused a great affect to the fishing and the tourism industries due to the high level of pollution happening to the lake. For the people living in Brulus on the Nile delta they only have a large puddle of drinking water which is contaminated, fury and desperation took place in Brulus and they went to the s treets protesting about the contained water, one of the protestors said We have to use this water, we have no choice. Dead dogs and donkeys are thrown into this water. Its very dirty yet. We use it for drinking, to wash our clothes and dishes. According to the UN tens of thousands of people die each year in Egypt from water borne diseases or dehydration. Not only people are suffering from water even the crops they are dying from thirst, the farmers are not producing enough crops and it puts the farmers in a critical situation which they are falling in debt due to bad harvest, farmers cant sleep at night because of thirst and they have no option except to ask God for help. One of the parliament members Hadeen Sabbahi said: There is a hidden and ignored thirst problem in Egypt. The protests here brought light to the problem. How can a country that has the Nile River suffer like this? A glass of clean water is a basic right of all citizens. (barsoum, 2007) Now I will shift to the drought problem When the high damn was first bulit in 1964. After 6 years the reservior called lake nasser was full. A predict of 90,000 people were put out of place and more than 5,000 square kilometers of land was flooded. The only everlasting grazing areas of the Ababda and the Besharin were gone under water and the remains of their lands have suffered from a decades long drought. This lead to a decrease in the wealth of the bedouin and the Ababda and the Besharin were one of poorest people in Egypt. In 2007 the Egyptian government and the World Food Program started agricultural projects to present the bedouins an option to life in the desert. The drought problem now according to Ibrahim Abou Ouf, an Egyptian Member of Parliament, Egypt will face severe water shortages by the year 2025 and portrayed the crisis as a possible drought, the Water Research Center of Egypt announced The report which was issued by the Egypts Water Research center stated that 60% of farms would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water supplements. The factors causing this drought is the Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Egypt. moreover miscarriage, absence of good management of water distribution and water pollution will be expected as the main reasons for the shortage. (ouf, 2007). The citezines living in poor area could not take it any more so it lead the to protest in the streets. On the 28th of July 2010 there were thousands of people protested in Cairo upon the government to try to make the government aware of the severe water crisis that is affecting the livelihoods. We will find that the water consumption has increased over time and the reason behind this is the irrigation method these protest are some ways the governments reluctance to relinquish its current share of River Nile water. There were other cities also included in the protest such as minya there were 600 people went and sat in front of the irrigation ministry in Cairo due to the lack of water they are facing. During the previous years there have been protest about the shortage of water but in 2010 it has been more extraordinary. One engineering student from Cairo college riad aldamk was working on a project and he said that Egypts total water consumption had increased by 17% in the last five years, according to studies conducted by the college. Hotter summers were partly to blame. The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) also stated that by 2017 we will face a massive decline of 15.2billion cubic meters from a required 86.2 billion cubic meters to a projected 71.4 billion cubic meters. Egypt consumes 700 cubic meters of water per year and the average consumption of the 15 countries is 1000 cubic meter, the CAMPAS also said that the loss of water comes from agriculture and the blame goes to the irrigation method because they lose about 8-17 billion cubic meter of water per year which is enormous. To help the irrigations system the Egyptian government went on an agreement with the water user association (WUA). During 1984 the water user association (WUA) was established and is one of the measures associated with the IIP project. The irrigation improvement project (IIP a major nation-wide program accepted out by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation and the USAID, World Bank and other donors since 1984. Their job is to improve t he efficiency of the water and farms level. This program aims to save freshwater by reducing losses on farm level. The WUA also helps the farmers to be involved on how to improve water delivery system and of course that requires them to play a role to ensure efficiency operation and maintenance. The Egyptian government issued law 213 in 1994 where WUAs were defined as legal private organizations at the mesqa level in the improved irrigation systems, owned and operated by their members for their own benefit in the old lands. The same also introduced the Water Users Unions, (WUUs) which are applicable for the New Lands. The WUA and the IIp are related together and by that they have certain functions. The main functions of WUAs as described within the IIP are: Participation in planning, design, and construction of improved mesqas. Operation, maintenance, and follow-up of the improved mesqas. Improvement of water use activities on the mesqa level. Identification of roles and responsibilities of the mesqas head and setting up rules to resolve conflicts. Establishment of linkages for coordination with other agriculture and irrigation concerned agencies. Establishment of linkages for coordination with other WUAs. Development of financial resources in order to improve operation and maintenance. Participation with higher-level organizations of the branch canal and cooperation with the district engineer. Water pollution in Egypt reached complex stage, a report by the Egyptian ministry of environment has pointed out that Egypt had reached a drinking water pollution problem. This resulted from the Nile river which suffered from pollution particularly from canals branching from it, these pollution are caused by swage from cities, towns and, epically from direct and indirect waste produced factories, Egyptian ministry of environment stated that there was lack of cleanliness services over the past years. The problem of water pollution in is very complex due to including the lack of enormous investments to get rid of pollution, plus wide number of laws and bodies organization water resources has blocked solution to the problem. (Aldamk, 2010). Egypt the Nile basin, though, is in the trusteeship of 11 civilizing and ethnically various African nation states, four of which (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda), have very serious national interests tied up in the river. The river Nile flows in Egypt through Lake Nasser, an artificial lake created by the building of the Aswan High Dam., Egypts capability to manage the annual flooding of the lower Nile river valley through the building of dams and the construction of irrigation systems. Due to global climate change by the year 2020 around 250million people are to be exposed to water shortage Local food supplies are predictable to be negatively precious by decreasing fisheries resources in large lakes due to rising water temperatures, which may be exacerbated by continued over-fishing. Towards the end of the 21st century, projected sea-level rise will affect low-lying coastal areas with large populations. The cost of adaptation could amount to at least 5-10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). (Cathcart, 2007) Another problem that Egypt might be facing soon is the share of water between Egypt and the Nile basin states. An emerging water crisis is emerging between the 10 Nile Basin countries depends on the 6741kilometre stretch Nile River; Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi. In 1999, The Nile Basin countries created the NBI Nile Basin Initiative. Consequently, many disputes created between Egypt and Sudan occurred. Besides, there were many challenges from the other countries on the validity of the agreement. The other countries argue that the agreement was not fair, and that it was assigned during a colonial period, but now Africa is independent. Now, Egypt and Sudan did not want to join the agreement with the other countries. Besides, five countries (Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania) signed an agreement in May without the rest of countries. However, the rest of the countries do not depend on the Nile, but for Egypt and Sudan, the Nile River considered their whole life. From here, the disputes emerged. However, the countries signed the agreement and trying it begins it. Besides, they gave the other countries -Egypt, Sudan, Burundi, and Democratic republics Congo-a chance one year in order to join the agreement. Nevertheless, this agreement ne eds a minimum of six countries to sign. Thus, Democratic Republic Congo and Burundi seemed to be silent about what they plan, but Egypt and Sudan disagreeing about this agreement. In addition, the minister of water Kamal Ali Muhamed decided to stop the cooperation with the NBI as a result of the agreement. (E. Sokari, July 2010) The Nile River is about 3.35 million KM2. Agriculture is the main activity for the people in the Nile Basin. Most of the people in the upper and lower Basin were pastoralist. The upper riparian included Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo that they have a small use of the Nile as well as generate a hydro-electric power. But Egypt and Sudan located in the lower that used the river widely for irrigation and generate hydro electric power. The upper riparian supply the Nile Water to the lower riparian(K. Abraham, 1997). Egypt considered one of the riparian that use the Nile River greatly. This is because of its historical, geographical and economic situations. Most of the Egyptian people are farmers so they depend on the Nile River in order to live and about 98% of the population lives in the Nile River. The Nile is considered the source of life for all Egyptian so; Egypt made good relations with Ethiopia because 86% of the Nile water originates in Ethiopia (K. Abraham, 1997). After the 1929 agreement between Egypt and Britain, Egypt started to build a huge dam and barrages without asking the Upper riparian. Arsano stated that the Egyptian government desired to control the all the Nile water, during the 19th and the 20th century, by restoring the Nile water into the dams during the floods and this led to increase the security for permanent irrigation(K. Abraham, 1997). After the 1959 agreement between Egypt and Sudan without including the other Nile Basin countries, Sudan get about 18.5 billion Cubic meters but Egypt get 55.5 billion Cubic meters of waters and the high Dam was build that helped in increasing the cropped areas by 103 million acres and helped in generating more hydro electric powers. After this agreement Egypt neglected the need of others upper riparian. Moreover, the new investment of Sinai and Khraga/Dakhala water creations projects were made without any discussions with the upper riparian. Egypt started to make more projects in Sinai and new artificial lakes which led the upper riparian to take actions to use the water of the Nile (K. Abraham, 1997). The second country that uses the Nile water greatly is Sudan. Sudan started to build many dams to protect water for irrigation. In 1925, the first dam was build on the Blue Nile in Sudan called Senna Dam and Jebel Awlia Dam was the second Dam was built on the White Nile in 1937. After the 1959 agreement, the Rosaries Dam was built on the Blue Nile, which helped in storing about 2.4 billion cubic meters km2. Moreover, in 1962, the Khasim-el Gerba Dam was founded and helped in increase the cultivated areas in Sudan (K. Abraham, 1997). One of the main problems of conflict is associated with the equitable sharing of the resources of the Nile River water; Ethiopia is the supplier of the Nile River water but it used a very small share of it. K. Abraham stated that the other upper countries had the same problem as Ethiopia. On the other hand, Sudan considered itself as the main beneficiary of this water. It found that the use of the Nile river water did not depend on law but upper countries said that Egypt and Sudan supplied nothing of it but using most of it. The upper riparian use a very small amount of the Nile River water although they are the suppliers of the Nile Water. Arsona stated that the Nile Basin upper countries want to use some of their resources of the Nile River water but the lower countries (Egypt and Sudan) are going to use more Nile water above their needs. Arsona stated that the water problem increased because of increasing the population rate sharply and each Nile Basin country want to use its water resource to the maximum. This level that each country needed are higher the level of available water resources. The lower riparian used about 65.5 billion cubic meters of the Nile water in the agriculture projects. This amount I 12.26 billion cubic meter more than the total available water resource in the Nile basin (K. Abraham, 1997). According to Arsona This is a clear indication that when all riparian come up with their respective national water master plans the available water resources and national demands will be at irreconcilable variance. (K. Abraham, 1997). Growth of population is not only the main problem but it is one of the main factors, another other significant factor of this water issue that there is no a legal mechanism on the base of which water sharing could be made and regulated. The current agreements are bilateral as well as excessively support lower riparian. K. Abraham stated that the difficulty of the water issue of the using and sharing an equal amount of the Nile water (K. Abraham, 1997). According to K. Abraham, The difficulty of water problem is using and sharing an equal amount of the water; this amount is highlighted by a lot of agreement such as 1902 Anglo- Ethiopia agreement and the water agreement between Egypt and Sudan without Ethiopia in 1929 and 1959 and Ethiopia did not find an available amount of water to use. The increase in the population rate in the Nile Basin countries led to increase the pressure on the Nile water. (K. Abraham, 1997). Actions taken by Egypt In the beginning of 2010, several states that are on the Nile signed an agreement among them for a redistribution of Nile waters, and by that they threatened Egypts uneven share based on previous treaties. Participant states argued the need for a greater share of Nile waters to drive domestic development. Egyptian prime mister of irrigation and water resources also said at the time that there must be consensus among all Nile states to amend any standing arrangement. Upon the new agreement that was signed Egypt and Sudan werent involved and it was a shock for the prime minister because the agreement put an end to the assurance of signatory states towards Egypt. Egypt sent a report to the national security agency and the ministry of foreign affairs to aid us on this false agreement that Egypt didnt sign to but unfortunately no action was taken. But Egypts legal advisor moahamed sameh amr said that they had more than one problem blocking the accomplishment of the framework agreement by foundation countries without the contribution of Egypt and Sudan. First of all the incomplete agreement between the Nile basin countries since the they didnt not meet legal requirements, most importantly the text of Article 14b residues under discussion, which pertains to Egypts privileges to river water according to previous international agreements. Authorized committees had agreed to follow a consensual not a mainstream decision-making model, as is the rule for adopting resolutions. Most importantly the agreement was signed and this leads to a clear contravention of standing rules since it was opened for signatures before reaching consensus. The fact that some source countries have already signed unilaterally is a breach of procedure. Amr has stated I an important question: How can we reach out to these countries at a time when they are drafting agreements against Egypts interests? This cooperation will not be fruitful because of them. concerning the legal consequence of source countries unilaterally signing the agreement without upriver states, Amr clarified that according to international law the agreement is not obligatory except for on its signatories, and that they alone are responsible for its stipulations. This means that legal action is confined to the signatories and anyone else is considered a third party, even if they had participated in the negotiation process. At the same time other countries cant cross the line of the international rules before notifying any development project they are willing to make therefore Egypt must take notice or be consulted before any country of upper river are willing to take action. The director of the centre for African studies and research has stated that the relation between the source countries and the other country that are upriver in particularly Egypt is fractured. He also added that Ethiopia has played an aggressive role and despite of Cairos policies it will be hard to change this ro le. The Ethiopians regularly maintain Egyptian imperialism. Conclusion: In my point of view water pollution cannot be solved if they have found one it would be that much of a problem or Hassel, the Egyptian government has taken the aid of the water user association (WUA) in order to improve the management of water distribution and the failure of the agriculture and irrigation system by doing only this step we can solve water crisis in Egypt because the irrigation system wastes about 8-17 billion cubic meter of water a year and the Egyptian government consumes 55 billion cubic meter of water per year. In order to make some different in this prospective we have 3 major categories education, laws and economics. By education u make people aware by the problem and how they can try to solve it. Like in Britain when they suffered from catching illness from polluted water and they formed and organization called surfers against sewage to make the government and water companies to work and clean up. By law the government has to put rules against polluters and sanctions against factories that produce pollution and each country should have a certain amount of pollution it should produce. By economics they all think in economics the best way to fight pollution is to do something called polluter pays principles its exactly the same like laws who ever creates pollution should pay for it and to clean up for what he did. Outline Introduction Literature review Water pollution Causes of water pollution and drought in Egypt Effects of water pollution and droughts in Egypt Solutions to water pollution and drought in Egypt Conclusion